Tags may be attached to nouns (nn, noun, singular, nns noun, plural, nnp proper noun, singular), verbs (vb, lemma, vbg gerund or present participle, vbp non-3rd-person singular present, vbz 3rd-person singular present), adjectives (jj, jjr adjective in comparative form), personal pronouns (prp), prepositions (in), and adverbs (rb). Students explore the "I Have a Dream" Foundation's website and brainstorm ways they can help themselves or others at their school achieve their educational dreams. A) A limited number of options are presented. But Trump was able to beat all his opponents and won the nomination for the Republican party (21 July 2016). O to highlight differences between opposing sides. This is indicated when Trump scrutinizes Obama as a leader by . The top ten most frequent lemmas according to TV debates. In this table, the maximum value per grammatical category is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. Can one measure the stylistic distance between the candidates in both parties? tweets, blogs, chats) was used by OConnor et al. When her campaign starts (14 April 2015), everything seemed simple and the road to the nomination seems without any real problem. To achieve this, the computation ignored all functional words for all texts. But each candidate wants to promote his/her own specific point of view on some issues, and must underline his differences with others. Therefore, the two forms of communication must be analyzed separately. To answer these questions, the current study will focus on the US primaries TV debates. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. NPR's Ari Shapiro talks with Jennifer Mercieca, a historian of American political rhetoric, about how President Trump has changed the way Americans talk about politics, the government and each other. O "The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our Nation.". health care reform in 1993). Here's an example of a rhetorical essay introduction to a speech from president trump: Rhetorical Essay Introduction - Example. Ask students to consider how the author manipulates the audience using tone, diction, and stylistic devices. So when you have a president using . The set of all distinct word types forms the vocabulary, denoted by V, while the text length is represented by n. Some statistics about candidates speeches and comments. This phenomenon is assumed to be the exception rather than the norm. The two closest candidates are Clinton and Sanders (0.346), while the second shortest distance (0.360) joins Trump with Kasich. And so you saw people sending pipe bombs to the media, you know, saying that Trump told them to do it. To understand the difference between word type and token, consider the following sentence: the law is harsh, but it is the law. Oftentimes, students assume the speaker is the author, and thats sometimes not the case. Based on this perspective, the longest distance (0.251) connects Trump and OMalley, and the second longest (0.181) links Paul to OMalley. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> You may wish to share information from the ReadWriteThink.org lesson. Exploring the Power of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Words through Diamante Poetry. It should be noted that, regarding the four indices, Clinton is closer to OMalley or Cruz than to Trump. So, you know, a typical president would sit down with a reporter and answer questions. Find out moreabout the program. The class should discuss audience and the importance of identifying the audience for speeches, since they occur in particular moments in time and are delivered to specific audiences. Similar research has been conducted with other languages, such as Italian (Pauli and Tuzzi, 2009). The next section presents some related research in computer-based analysis of political speeches. The third longest distance (0.467) can be found between Cruz and OMalley. the United States of America. Types of Rhetorical Strategies. The current analysis follows this principle to consider the style, on the one hand and, on the other, the content. With a positive Z score larger than a fixed threshold (e.g. Therefore, making his speech very influential to Obama getting his point across. In common, one can find the terms people, or country. As an additional global stylistic measurement, the frequency of big words (composed of six letters or more, and denoted BW) can be analyzed (Tausczik and Pennebaker, 2010). The maximum value is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. Of course, other models can be used as, for example, the hypergeometric one (Baayen, 2008) which could be viewed as the exact distribution. From the set of the ten most over-used terms corresponding to H. Clinton depicted in Table 6, the first following sentence contains four (Senator, Sanders, to, I). To generate Fig. Dont vote for the other one, Analysis Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics using R, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Finding her voice: Hillary Clinton Rhetoric in the 2008 presidential campaign, Presidential Campaigns. From data depicted in Table 3, one can see that the TTR value reaches a minimum of 29.7 (Trump) to a maximum of 37.9 (OMalley). As one can see, the first-person pronoun (I or we) appears relatively high in this list (but does not appear in the top ten positions in the Brown corpus), and to a lesser extent you or it. This value indicates that Trump prefers to reuse the same words and expressions, repeating his main ideas and convictions. A modern president must be able to use speech and rhetoric to his or her strongest advantage to anticipate, address or mediate crisis (Davis & Gardner, 2012). Rhetoric is a useful strategy to utilize in speech making. The rest of this article is organized as follows. That is, a person reading a written text aloud will produce speech that has the linguistic characteristics of the written text. And that has had great benefit for him because he's allowed to, you know, increase the distrust between his followers and the mainstream media. Which phrases from the excerpt include loaded words intended to evoke a sense of fear? Taking another strategy, one can use the h-point splitting the vocabulary into two parts. 1. Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. COMM 1020 classes include a Great Speeches assignment, where you need to find and analyze an influential speech from history. In a related study using a training corpus, Laver et al. As each candidate is represented by her/his remarks in the TV debates, one can compute a distance reflecting their similarities (Labb and Labb, 2006). So the way you do it is you pass a tax plan like the tax plan I've introduced: a simple flat tax, 10 percent for individuals, and a 16 percent business flat tax, you abolish the IRS and here's the critical point, Maria, the business flat tax enables us to abolish the corporate income tax, the death tax, the Obamacare taxes, the payroll taxes, and they're border-adjustable, so every export pays no taxes whatsoever. (T. Cruz, 14 January 2016), And I'll tell you, Hugh you know, it's interesting now that Donald promises that he will appoint justices who who will defend religious liberty, but this is a man who, for 40 years, has given money to Jimmy Carter, to Joe Biden, to Hillary Clinton, to Chuck Schumer, to Harry Reid. (T. Cruz, 25 February 2016). This article has analyzed the style and the rhetoric used by the candidates during the 2016 US primary election. Allow students to select a speech from the. The rhetorical situation is the context out of a which a text is created. When a question is discussed, the choice of the word can make the difference. These language devices can be used across written and spoken mediums to manage the listener's views. Students write and record their own essays for a class blog by first completing a series of activities designed to get them thinking and writing about their experiences. In this session, students will respond each other's drafts using the, Determine and discuss the final due date with your students. identify elements of argument within a speech. For him, all appearances and comments on the media were an opportunity for self-promotion. Hutchinson's rhetoric was powerful, persuasive, and often controversial. Which type of appeal does Reagan use in this part of the speech? and appeals before you start. The tone shifts throughout the selection. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. endobj In the three sentences above, most of the words are less than six letters long (short words), and many of them are functional words (explaining his low LD). Moreover, the first and last examples tackle one of the recurrent topics for the Democrat, for which the terms college, university, and tuition are specific in Sanders rhetoric. Elizabeth uses all of the appeals logos, pathos, and ethos to convince all of her listeners to fight for her from the loyal follower to the greedy mercenary. Me and the workers? In the Republican party, the federal debt is debated by Rubio, and marginally by Kasich, and Paul. More broadly, rhetorical strategies also include rhetorical devices and rhetorical appeals. To compute this value, the word types are ranked according to their absolute frequency, from the most frequent to the least frequent one. How might worldwide demand for gasoline affect the economy of the Gulf coastal plain? We have launched the new ReadWriteThink.org and we would love to get your feedback: Students practice the Pre-AP strategy called SOAPSTone, identifying important parts of the Gettysburg Address and comparing it with John F. Kennedy's inaugural speech. That is what Barack Obama, the president of the United States, tries to do in his speech "Back to School " delivered at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, on September 8, 2009. Note. Students adjust their use of spoken, written, and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. What did the author have to keep in mind when composing the text? feminine, emotion, leadership), as well as her/his style (e.g. Step 1: Identify a Speech. Moreover, the temporal period of the documents constitutes an important factor explaining the variations between presidents or prime ministers. During this primary election, Donald Trump presents clearly an atypical figure, employing short sentences, a reduced vocabulary, repeating the same arguments with simple words (see Table 2). And he lets them know that they shouldn't trust anyone but him. detects/vbz detect/vb). From a stylistic point of view, the Republican cluster {Bush, Cruz, Rubio} is well separated from the second Republican group {Kasich, Trump, and with a smaller additional distance Paul} as well as for the Democrats {Clinton, OMalley, Sanders}. You know, in a way, he's like an authoritarian P.T. The authors scrutinized the role of the audience in Bush's and Obama's victory speeches. In the Brown corpus, the top ten most frequent lemmas are as follows: the, be, of, and, to, a, in, he, have, it. %PDF-1.5 The author uses rhetorical strategies to create a tone of pity and contempt for Phil, which shows how people who prioritize work over life are sad creatures who hurt the people around them. Other intertextual measures have been chosen as, for example, the chi-square (Grieve, 2007), the Delta (Burrows, 2002), or using the Kullback-Leibler divergence (Zhao and Zobel, 2007). Obama uses rhetoric to achieve presenting his message of creating hope and change together in America while fixing the economic and social challenges and issues left behind from the previous president. Can one discover the rhetorical features that can explain a Trump or Clinton success? Currently, the preference goes to a shorter formulation, simpler to understand for the audience. B) A person is attacked rather than an argument. his goal of persuading steel companies to lower their prices back down was successful due to his rhetorical strategy. So scholars call that stochastic terrorism. MERCIECA: First of all, he communicates like a demagogue and not like a president. 7. They need to understand the climate, but they do not need to be complete experts on the historical details in order to understand the elements of the speech. 5. xksg#N=f%qI>P$EHF& 1E]~O6m6lzf~?|\N?xX-O?m6jF/:'g gMN7~-_/NLf/_4Y!'Y#;rlS?5/~|lxR:M` Our first analysis considers the most frequent lemmas occurring in the oral interventions of the candidates during the TV debates of the primaries. Grounded on the MSL, LD, and BW indicators, one can see that Trump is adopting a more direct communication style, selecting simple words and producing short sentences. It's important that we keep showing our students how powerful language can be when it's carefully crafted and arranged. A conclusion draws the main findings of this study. W 2K Words to Know Fill in this table as you work through the lesson. Trumps topics are relatively similar to those presented by Kasich and, with some distance, with those exposed by Paul. stream For this paper a rhetorical analysis of Obama's addresses was performed using a form of genre criticism. % Of course, one can raise the question of the speakers spontaneity because Donna Brazile, who worked for CNN, provided, at least once, prepared questions to Clinton before a debate. The pronoun we stays ambiguous (Who is behind the we? One can see the presence of expressions related to the dialogue between candidates (Senator Sanders by Clinton, Donald with Cruz, Jeb under Trump). electoral speeches, party manifestos, Web sites of the candidates, social networks information flow). A presidential electoral process can be positioned around one person or around a few issues (or programs). The suggested approach is rather similar to OConnor et al.s work (2010), counting the frequency of occurrence of words appearing in a dictionary of positive or negative emotion words. In the midst of a troubled nation, President Bush effectively uses kairos, rhetorical appeals, and awareness of audience to provide a sense of security for those worrying about their country, a feeling of comfort for those grieving their loss, and a promise of revenge for those angered by the events of the day. A text is, however, a composite item in which one finds both the style with its lexical, syntactical, or discourse factors, and the recurrent words belonging to the topics. Read the first three paragraphs of Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. 1 0 obj More generally, Fig. These morphological tags (Marcus et al., 1993) correspond mainly to those used in the Brown corpus (Francis and Kucera, 1982). Theres always a story behind the composition of the speech.). She did not like the press and the media and, in return, they do not like her much either. The technical term is basic level. Among his most specific terms, one can see Mexico, and deal reflecting two of his main concerns (immigration, and commercial trade agreements). Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. "Rhetorical force is achieved by the strategy of combining reiteration with contrast . To have a better overall measurement of the topical concentration of a text, The intertextual distance between Text A and Text B is computed according to, This formulation assumes that both texts have the same length (, Vote for me. Wiley has partnerships with many of the worlds leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources (e.g., print and nonprint texts, artifacts, people) to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience. O to convince the audience that there are limited options. Looking at her most specific sentences, Clinton tends to produce rather long sentences reflecting a more complex reasoning. 3.3 Understanding the Writing Assignment; 3.4 Creating the Thesis; 3.5 Revising Your Draft(s) . Cruz, Paul, Clinton, Sanders) tend to prefer using the pronoun I, at least during an electoral campaign. For example, positive emotion words occur more frequently in Democrats tweets than in Republican ones, as well as swear expressions, or first singular person pronouns (e.g. This lesson has students explore freedom of speech by examining the Pledge of Allegiance from a historical and personal perspective and in relationship to fictional situations in novels. The sentence is longer that the MSL (18.3) for this candidate. The frequency table reveals that some lexical terms can appear before the h-point. How? The last row of Table 4 reports the values of this Q-index for all candidates. 1, only the functional words (409 entries) have been used to reflect the style of each candidate. In this essay, I will analyze the rhetorical situation of the historical speech "The Challenger Address" delivered by the 40th president of the United States, Ronald Reagan. Set up students inheterogeneousgroups of four. To obtain an overall measure of the intensity of the action over the descriptive part of a text, Kubt and Cech (2016) suggest to compute the ratio between the proportion of verbs divided by the sum of the proportion of the verbs and adjectives. Steve Jobs Commencement Speech: Rhetorical Appeals. The following remarks illustrate these aspects. By exploring myths and truths surrounding Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, students think critically about commonly believed stories regarding this famous speech from the Civil War era. Carson (R) or Christie (R)). Once the speechwriter is identified, it is easier to find information on the speech. On this icy day in Washington D. C, Barack Obama gave his inaugural speech after taking the oath of office. Through content analysis this thesis was designed to determine whether persuasive She was a Puritan woman who was outspoken about her beliefs and challenged the authority of the male-dominated Puritan church. On the bottom part, one can find the Democrats, with a shorter distance between Clinton and Sanders than with OMalley. To build Fig. From a stylistic point of view, this corpus is homogenous, corresponding to an oral communication form, extracted from a short period of time, and with the same main objectives (convincing the people, answering questions, presenting their ideas and solutions). Yesterday, December 7, 1941a date which will live in infamythe United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. This activity could happen as part of the prewriting process or after essays have been completed. It's through this lesson that students are allowed to see how politicians and leaders manipulate and influence their audiences using specific rhetorical devices in a manner that's so effective that the speeches are revered even today. This could include a speech from a United States president or other political figures, a leader of a movement such as Susan B. Anthony or Martin Luther King Jr., or a more modern speech like a . evaluate to something in a careful and thoughtful way ad hominem reasoning that attacks the rather than the You can use this rhetorical device to present a problem and a subsequent solution. 1 is present in the elaboration of Fig. Providing the most over-used terms is sometimes not enough to have a clear understanding of the candidates position on a given issue. What would you put at the top of the list? Rhetorical strategies are also sometimes called rhetorical modes. Sanders answers and remarks are clearly more focused on a few topics. rhetorical devices also helped in analyzing Obama's rhetorical strategies to understand the connection of the president's ar guments with respect to its logos, ethos, and pathos. That is the consequence of Trump's war rhetoric. In LIWC, the generation of the word lists was done based on the judgments of three experts instead of simply concatenating various existing lists. How does repetition create meaning in this excerpt? Knowing that this matrix is symmetric and that the distance to itself is nil, we still have (81 9)/2 values. As shown in Table 1, Paul and OMalley correspond to the smallest values, both being present for a relatively short period of time during this electoral campaign. In this speech Patrick Henry (1736-1799) uses powerful rhetoric to convince influential, affluent, landed men of Virginia with much to lose to move past their current . What type of rhetorical device does Reagan use when referring to freedom in this passage? xZs8b5I&3;{p3_-Gv655-?-)_n g,~ "F+ ~|z-}swG\TssT^X^_,o,b/-_,k]$^Rd nW.rx Reserve the library for Session Three so the students can do research on their speeches. The Eloquent Woman: contains famous and not-so-famous speeches by women on all sorts of issues as well as . The presence of Bernie Sanders occupying a position more on the left demonstrates that the Democratic primaries were more difficult than expected. <>/Metadata 515 0 R/ViewerPreferences 516 0 R>> Rhetorical Analysis Essay Two: Speeches by US Presidents Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is for you to write a rhetorical analysis of two speeches. As an interesting first case, one can analyze the most characteristic sentence from Kasichs comments, which is the following: I have balanced budgets, the federal budget, the state of Ohio budget, we're running a 2 billion dollar surplus, were up 400,000 jobs, and in Washington we were able to have significant job growth whenever we balanced the budget of which I was the architect. (J. Kasich, 6 February 2016). . the relative frequency of different pronouns, positive emotions) and using a set of composite indices reflecting the cognitive complexity, presidentially, or honesty of each candidate. The questions that you can use to examine a text's rhetorical situation are in Chapter 6.2. Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. Former President Bushs Defends War in Iraq Speech. 3 0 obj This rhetoric problem was recognized by previous US president such as President Johnson who told his speechwriters: I want four-letter words, and I want four sentences to the paragraph. (Hart, 1984). So he wants to show his audience how phony the interview is. 3), one can concludewith less than 1% chance of errorthat the term is significantly over-used in P0. Too often, however, the spoken word is left unanalyzed, even though the spoken word has the potential to alter our space just as much than the written. What is the purpose of presenting a false dilemma in a speech? This is a good time to discuss the Rhetorical Triangle (Aristotelian Triad) or discuss a chapter on audience from an argumentative textbook. Though the question may seem puzzlingtoo hard, or too simpleat first, students will eventually identify, as Aristotle did, the need for a speaker, a message, and an audience. The rhetorical situation analysis consists of four elements: audience, occasion, speaker and speech, each assessing the quality of speech. Consider posing questions such as. Ultimately, I analyzed whether Trump deviated from Campbell and Jamieson's (1985) <> A more interesting finding is the presence of the pronoun I in the most over-used terms by only two runners: Trump and Clinton. 2, the intertextual distance is computed according to topical words, and no word used to draw Fig. Even if a long sentence is required, its length does not guarantee an easy understanding. The only time that you see presidents using the rhetorical strategy of reification, which is treating people as objects, is when they're using war rhetoric. Recently, Popescu (2009) and Cech et al. I, me). O The repetition emphasizes the principles of freedom. Hillary Clinton can also be characterized by a large use of the pronoun I (fourth most frequent lemma, see Table 2) that is also over-used (see Table 6). The only time that you see presidents using the rhetorical strategy of reification, which is treating people as objects, is when they're using war rhetoric. Nominated by the Democrats (28 July 2016), Hillary Clinton always appeared as a cold woman, a member of the political establishment rejected by many people. In your essay, you will identify strategies and analyze how the speaker uses them to represent his or her position. President Abraham Lincoln, in his inaugural address, addresses the topic of the civil war and its effects on the nation and argues that America could be unified once more. Alliteration: Two or more words in a row that start with the same sound. Such differences tend to be correlated with psychological factors. These personality measurements were in agreement with different opinion polls. You will . <> On the other hand, Clinton could want to accentuate the human aspect and uses in this case the word immigrants. Senators Cruz or OMalley have a more sophisticated communication style, employing longer sentences and a more complex lexicon. (2010) analyze the rhetoric of H. Clinton during the 2008 presidential election. But more importantly, why? they dont like seeing ) in Trumps comments. Many people assume that the speaker (president, senator, etc.) He supports his claim by using massive amounts of parallel structure and strong word choice. To conclude briefly, previous studies have mainly analyzed governmental speeches, and less frequently the electoral speeches (Boller, 2004) or related messages (e.g. Rhetorical Analysis: Compare and Contrast Four Speeches on Civil Rights Common Core Standards Purpose: The following four speeches explore the tensions found within the American ideals of individual liberty and universal equality. Noah Serda On June 24, 1985, Reagan gave a speech at a fundraising event to try to help the Kennedy Library foundation create an endowment for the presidential library, Reagan talks about Kennedy in his speech to not only help the Kennedy library but to honor Kennedy in front of his family and to talk about his legacy. Bligh M., Merolla J., Schroedel J. R., Gonzalez R. Hewings A., Painter C., Polias J., Dare B., Rhys M. Marcus M. P., Santorini B., Marcinkiewicz M. A. OConnor B., Balasubramanyan R., Routledge B. R., Smith N. A. Slatcher R. B., Chung C. K., Pennebaker J. W., Stone L. D. Toutanova K., Klein D., Manning C., Singer Y. Wilson T., Hoffmann P., Somasundaran S., Kessler J., Wiebe J., Choi Y., Cardie C., Riloff E., Patwardhan S. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. One of the elements of doing a rhetorical analysis is looking at a text's rhetorical situation. In a rhetorical analysis project, it would be up to you, the analyzer, to point out this move and . Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. Note. Refer to recent elections, if possible, and/or bring in flyers and/or brochures. The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. 25 rhetorical strategies from the best minds We've compiled 25 rhetorical strategies from the most memorable presentations on the planet so that your next presentation is undeniably memorable. State the type of speech being analyzed and where it took place. is always the writer, and thats not always the case, so ask your students to check to see who wrote the speech. Hillary appears more feminine than the other candidates, using more I than we, and showing a higher frequency in the category Human interest (e.g. As the English language has a relatively simple morphology, working on inflected forms (e.g. President Barack Obama made history by being America's first African-American president. They draw on their prior experience, their interactions with other readers and writers, their knowledge of word meaning and of other texts, their word identification strategies, and their understanding of textual features (e.g., sound-letter correspondence, sentence structure, context, graphics). O It calls attention to the urgency of the message. In his answers, Trump prefers using intensively the verb construction (see Table 4), the pronoun I, and the negation (see Table 6). 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