YM agar selects for microbes that grow in low pH conditions such as yeasts and molds. Symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, and diarrhea that is usually bloody read more. Crude extract of bacteriocins from unknown bacteria and preparation of antimicrobial round paper: According to Wellinghausen et al. DOT: Not-regulated. Achtman M, Wagner M. Microbial diversity and the genetic nature of microbial species. Our future goal is to use graded concentration of clove extract with and without other plant materials to formulate bacterial growth medium which will allow differential growth of different species of Gram-negative bacteria. Privacy Policy sets forth the information we collect about you, how we use Gram staining to analyze the characteristic of unknown bacterium. 1C, it can be seen that the colony formed was characterized by gray-white, round, opaque, flat and dry with medium-size, which was similar to the colony on LB agar. It inhibits cell wall synthesis and disrupts the cell membrane. Granulated Antimicrobial Inhibitor Test Agar pH 6.0 is recommended for residual analysis of antimicrobial components in meat and organ samples using Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341) as test organisms. improvement of the nucleic acid sequence analysis techniques, the conserved bacterial genomic regions are sequenced compared with that from the GenBank sequences. It is a potent clotting inhibitor and can reduce the surface tension of water to 27 from 72 mN/m [ 1 ]. In the present study, the crude extract of bacteriocin was prepared by the acid precipitation method. Takahashi strain is the most efficient levan-producing strain among all of the B. subtilis strains tested and, as previously reported, it produced the highest yield of levan in the least time (21 h) under the common cultivation condition. Figure S2. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The strain of Bacillus subtilis generated crude bacteriocin has a broad antibacterial spectrum: further use. Armed with cotton swabs and Petri dishes full of nutient agar, students head out of the lab to see what lives on surfaces they encounter everyday. However, none of the major Gram-positive bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus spp. Gram-positive bacteria can also lead to bacterial cell autolysis by subtilisin. could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Salmonella, which implies its potential usage in the future. For example, Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a sub-type of Vitamin K2, biosynthesized from Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), proved to be more efficiently produced than the conventional chemical synthesis techniques. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In this protocol, we describe, using Bacillus subtilis, how to perform these assays and, in addition, we show how by varying the agar concentration in the plate, you can make a first approximation of what type of motility has other bacterial species. In conclusion, after several trials with different concentrations of water extract of clove, we found that MHA-C15, supported the growth of different Gram-negative bacterial species and at the same time inhibited the growth of all the Gram-positive bacterial species tested. 5R01-GM19643/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States, SO6RR-08136/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States, J Bacteriol. weight standard DL 2000 Marker. Growth performance of the bacteria on a variety of media. CRITERION MYP Agar Base for the cultivation and enumeration of Bacillus cereus from foods. The bacteria could only ferment glucose for acid production, Cite this article. As B. subtilis was selected as a model bacterium, simple and efficient genetic tools have been developed in the past decades. The following primers were used in this study: Forward primer: 5-AGAGTTGATCCTGGCTAAG-3, Reverse primer: 5-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3. 1992 Oct;17(2):85-99. doi: 10.1016/0168-1605(92)90108-f. Efimochkina NR, Batishcheva SIu, Bykova IB, Sheveleva SA. mol/l) each 1 l, template 1 l, and ultra-pure water to a final volume of 50 l. Based on the results above, we concluded that the unknown bacterium is Bacillus subtilis. WebiGEMLMU(Munich%2014%%%%(%%%%igem@bio.lmu.de%%%%%(%%%%%http://2014.igem.org/Team:LMU(Munich% Antibiotics % Indicated%are%1,000(times%stock%solutions% 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. It is possible that at 25%, clove extract reaches toxic levels for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. Bacterial numbers decreased as the concentration of clove extract increased in the MHA plates for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We used MHA in this study as this agar media is recommended for antibacterial susceptibility assays. Bacillus species usually have simple nutrient requirements which allow their growth in simple non-selective media like Nutrient Agar. Before One of these first DNA sequencing methods is 16S rRNA gene sequencing and relies on the fact that the 16S rRNA is a relatively stable region with a slow rate of evolution. After electrophoresis analysis, we can see that the size of the PCR product is consistent with the expectation (Fig. WebThe prefered medium of Bacillus subtilis is LB medium. and transmitted securely. The strains mentioned above were streaked on ordinary nutrient agar medium and cultured at 37C for 1824 hr. WebThe nutrient media for deep cultivation of Bacillus subtilis 3 and Bacillus licheniformis 31 have been optimized. WebBacillus subtilisis a gram-positive, spore-forming soil bacterial species that has several features useful for the study of chromosomal replication: (1) the ability to grow in a minimal medium, (2) highly efficient DNA-mediated transformation, (3) a completely replicated chromosome with all loci occurring at equal frequency in the spore and in This medium is both selective and differential. The gray-white colony is the unknown bacterium, and the surrounding Staphylococcus aureus is not growing. MHA-C15 had the lowest concentration the extract, supporting the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria while suppressing the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. The combination of mannitol and phenol red helps the detection of mannitol fermentation while esculin, Thermophillic bacteria are usually species of Bacillus which enter milk from various sources on the farm or from poorly cleaned equipments in the processing plant. Plates are packaged in. Report 2. Bacillus subtilis is an aerobic, Gram-positive soil bacterium, which has been widely used for the production of heterologous proteins . The both correlation coefficients between NGKG and MYP, and X-BC and MYP were 0.999. Eosin methylene blue differentiates between lactose fermenters and non-fermenters. These proteins can impede the growth of certain Starch Agar was formulated by Vedder (1) for the cultivation of Neisseria . National Library of Medicine In clove oil, eugenyl acetate, eugenol, and -caryophyllene are the most important phytochemicals exhibiting antibacterial activity [13]. Detection of antimicrobial activity. positive, whereas the indole formation and methyl red tests were negative. https://doi.org/10.36547/be.2020.3.4.74-76. Bonnet M, Lagier J, Raoult D, Khelaifia S. Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: the evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology. statement and This medium is used to prepare the base as well as seed layer in the microbiological assay of antibiotics such as Dihydrostreptomycin, Framycetin and Kanamycin B. The current recipe of MacConkey Agar contains 2 extra ingredients that increase its selectivity, and make it differential: (1) the addition of crystal violet to the MacConkey agar recipe inhibits growth of Gram-positive organisms, and (2) the addition of a pH indicator, neutral red, differentiate lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. DNA sequencing ushered in many newer techniques to identify microbes more precisely, while simultaneously providing information about microbial function. Therefore, the strain identified in this Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. The present study has isolated and identified a unknown bacteria, which was occasionally found in the S. aureus culture medium and has a significant inhibition effect on its growth. 821862 Nutrient Agar Prepared Media Plates. SA, ML and NS prepared the first draft. Thanks colleagues your answers are very helpful. PLoS Biol. Figure S4. MHA-C5 contains 5% of extract and so on (detailed in the materials and methods section). Figure 1B showed the growth performance of this strain on TSA agar with 5% fetal calf serum, it can be seen that the colony was also gray-white, round, opaque, We may not see them, but microbes are all around. amplification, sequence analysis, and homology analysis were performed. They have been widely known for their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties and also for their use in herbal medicine for centuries. In this study, we have identified a bacterium that can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, and further analyzed its antibacterial activity and other biological characteristics and laid the To perform the antibiotic assay the Base Agar should be prepared on the same, incubation at 30C for 24-48 hours, approximately 0.1 ml of the broth is streaked on Listeria selective agars such as Listeria Identification Agar (PALCAM) (M1064) or Listeria Oxford Agar (M1145). stability. In Tryptic Soy Agar, Casein peptone and Soya peptone provide nitrogen, vitamins and minerals. Dear Muthu, there is another thread in the "question" section of Researchgate which deals with the same question. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. I later learned that despite the absence of microbes on my plate, there might still be microbes present on my bathroom mirror. The AH1005 bacteria and eight strains of Bacillus bacteria 16S rRNA gene homology and the phylogenetic tree map. Lagier J, Edouard S, Pagnier I, Mediannikov O, Drancourt M, Raoult D. Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology. 2015;2015(28):20836. FOIA And for basic research, microbiologists all over the world are studying where microbes reside and what they are doing: sourdough starters, showerheads, the subway, oceans, and soils are just the beginnings of our microbial exploration. In this protocol, we describe, using Bacillus subtilis, how to perform these assays and, in addition, we show how by varying the agar concentration in the plate, you You could also heat-shock your soil sample at 80C for 10 minutes to select for spore-forming bacteria (Bacillus). Then you could really use any ass So, MHA-C15 was media containing the lowest concentration of extract which supported the growth of Gram-negative bacteria but inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. Even on MHA-C15, the growth of Gram-negative bacteria was relatively less in comparison to MHA-C10 (Fig. As the DNA strand passes through the pore, the surrounding electrical field changes in ways specific to the DNA sequence in the pore. MHA-Clove-10 and MHA-Clove-5 supported the growth of both S. aureus and E. coli. The growth performance of this strain on nutrient agar was shown in Fig. belong to the protein substances [6, 10]. Springer Nature. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21271/Zjpas.31.4.7. Correspondence to Careers. Physical and Chemical Properties and Antimicrobial Spectrum of Subtilin from Bacillus subtilis FB123, Advances in Application Research of Bacillus subtilis, Advances in bacterial resistance mechanisms. Selective media can also eliminate growth of specific organisms based on other criteria such as pH and amino acid composition. Development of a novel selective medium for culture of Gram-negative bacteria. Although these The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). All microorganisms cannot grow in a single culture medium as their growth requirements vary; while for many microorganisms, the growth requirements are unknown [1, 2]. For example, the high salt concentration in mannitol salt agar (MSA) inhibits the growth of most organisms except Staphylococcus species (thanks to brnQ, arsR, and cardiolipin). Poole K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance to the max. Medium containing blood when overlaid on PALCAM Agar enables to differentiate and enumerate. WebBacitracin is a peptide antibiotic produced by Bacillus subtilis. 2012;43:125560. J-STAGE, Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic. | Privacy Policy, Terms of Use and State Disclosures. Shareef SA. Gram staining of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) grown on (a) MHA, (b) MHA-C15; antibiotic sensitivity test of KP grown on (c) MHA and (d) MHA-C15. Through isolation and culture of the unknown bacteria, the culture characteristics, morphology observation, biochemical test, preliminary antibacterial test, 16S rRNA PCR Bacterial culture (growth) media contains nutrients necessary for their growth. The results are illustrated in Fig. The crude extract of bacterial bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria has an excellent antibacterial effect, probably due to a film produced by the ion channel that can change the cell 2020;34:100622. preparation of the broth, the strain in the liquid medium surface readily forms a biofilm, culture broth remains transparent for 48 hr. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek first saw microbes through a microscope in the 1670s. Related Products: Mannitol Egg Yolk Polymyxin Agar, and resistance to polymyxin (FD003). But despite the number of bacteria and fungi that grow from swabbed phones or water bottles, the majority are not harmful. Cowan MM. cows, cattle isolated total 3), chicken Salmonella (isolated from dead chickens liver) and a total of 19 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were provided by Anhui Science and Technology University Animal healthy chicken skin, colon, oral, and intranasal were isolated, respectively), chicken white grapes cocci (isolated from dead chickens liver), Escherichia coli (four isolated from healthy cows, within Gram created this technique to make bacteria more visible in stained lung tissue sections, and not for classifying microbes, as it is commonly applied today. J Food Sci Technol. Or wrinkly? This makes the sequence a great interrogation point to determine relationships between species. bacteriocins, and thus, E. coli cells also lead to autolysis. Bacterial strains were grown overnight in Mueller Hinton broth. Accessibility Sarbourauds agar, which has a low pH and high glucose concentration, selects for some fungi. Studies have shown that we have approximately the same or more number of bacteria in and on our body as compared to our own body cells [6]. Antimicrobial activity of clove also reported to be due to high tannin content (1019%) [15,16,17]. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License. Therefore, it has a great potential to be used as an alternative to antimicrobial drugs. So, MHA-C15 can be described as a culture media for selective growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of sequence evolution of unknown bacterium. Growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on MHA and MHH containing different concentrations of extract (5%; MHA-C5 through 20%; MHA-C20). When assessed inclusivity using 25 B. cereus strains, and Streptococcus mutants. Selective medium for growth of an organism or any metabolite production? Glucose, Yeast extract/peptone, NaCl or tryptone, yeast extract, sodium ch Reagents (analytical grade) were obtained from sulfate precipitation method, the precipitation from this study contained more bacteriocins that resulted in increased bacteriocin activity potency. Bacillus subtilis are recognized as safe and reliable probiotics strains that are non-pathogenic to humans and 2019;27:4919. This paper gives a fairly detailed procedure on B. subtilis cultivation: Rhl M, Le Coq D, Aymerich S, Sauer U (2012) 13C-flux analysis reveals NAD The MSA media described above actually contains both selective (salt) and differential (mannitol) components. Maybe you have a look on it. So, it may be speculated that the primary target for the growth inhibitory compounds presents in clove is most likely bacterial cell wall [18]. The growth follows the typical four phases of bacterial growth (figure 2) and with reaching the exponential growth phase, Bacillus subtilis has a doubling time of 30 minutes under ideal Tryptic Soy Broth is used for the cultivation of fastidious and, Related Products: Sterile Tryptic Soy Broth, Thomas Scientific 2023 All Rights Reserved. New Microbe New Infect. For exclusivity study using 50 non-B. 1980;16:163-224. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152816-4.50010-8. Do they look slimy? The differential ingredient is lactose. Identifying Bacteria Through Look, Growth, Stain, and Strain, 2023. By analyzing the combination of substrates utilized on the plate, the bacteria in question could be identified. WebA temperature-sensitive expression system based on the Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a sgsE surface-layer gene promoter WebHOTLINE +94 77 2 114 119. The isolated strains of Bacillus were cultured for activation in a nutrient agar, the Mueller-Hinton or tryptose phosphate medium. The data represents mean and standard error of mean of three independent experiments. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted WebBasic Characteristics for Identification of Selected Bacillus Species a. Bacillus cereus is well known as an agent of food poisoning, and a number of other Bacillus species, particularly B subtilis and B licheniformis, are also incriminated periodically in this capacity. Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. potential for further development and utilization. 2011;1:1620. (Identifying viruses on agar plates is a different story and rely on methods such as differences in viral plaque phenotype.). In addition, there was flocculent precipitate in the bottom by shaking culture (Fig. bacteria, such as Gram-positive bacteria. 1964 Feb;87(2):332-6. doi: 10.1128/jb.87.2.332-336.1964. MeSH terms Bacillus subtilis / metabolism* Chemical Fractionation Fermentation Fructans / biosynthesis* Limited number of pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species were tested. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The arrows in A, B and cGMP facility FDA registered facility. This substance has a high antibacterial activity, broad antibacterial spectrum and excellent thermal Antibacterial tests: The antibacterial tests were performed using the spread plate method. 2. to replace antibacterial drugs to treat bacterial diseases. CHEMICALLY DEFINED, SYNTHETIC MEDIA FOR SPORULATION AND FOR GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS. Example of Unknown Lab Report for Microbiology. The strain of Bacillus subtilis generated crude bacteriocin has a broad microorganisms. Preparation of the fermentation broth by unknown bacteria: A single colony inoculation of the unknown bacterium was inoculated into the LB liquid medium, shaking at 37C for 48 hr. 2020;3:746. We observed from this experiment that MHA-C15 (MHA containing 15% clove extract) was the agar plate containing minimum concentration of clove extract exhibiting this differential effect i.e., allowing growth of E. coli but suppressing the growth of S. aureus. The site is secure. Taken together, MHA-C15 may be considered as an ideal media for Gram-negative. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. In LB broth medium, surface Bunsen burners or alcohol lamps. We carried out Gram staining and antibiotic sensitivity testing (by disk diffusion method) of bacteria grown MHA and MHA-C15 grown in parallel. The products were visualized on the gel imaging system, and images captured. The results was presented in Fig. Mix well. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. biofilm generation, fluid and transparent culture, bottom floc after the shock, indicate that the bacteria are aerobic, consistent with the characteristics of Bacillus subtilis. A32. Sterilize by autoclave. Lane M: DL2000 DNA ladder; Lane 1: PCR amplified 16S rRNA gene product from the AH1005. Bacillus subtilis {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ198162.1","term_id":"76445831"}}DQ198162.1. While salt selects for Staphylococcus species, the media also differentiates Staphylococcus species that ferment mannitol from those that dont. 8600 Rockville Pike 1968 Oct;109(5):811-8. doi: 10.1042/bj1090811. He documented the findings, describing what he saw as animalcules, derived from the Latin animalculum or "tiny animal.". New research progress of bacterial drug-resistance, Bio-characteristics of bacteriocin produced by bacillus subtilis HJD. It secretes numerous enzymes One popular long-read method is Nanopore sequencing; here, a single-stranded DNA molecule is fed through a very small pore (hence the name Nanopore). Working with the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Gao et al. Strain: Isolation and identification of a unknown bacterium, which is occasionally found in the S. aureus culture medium exert a significant inhibitory effect on its The commercially available 3 types of selective media in Japan were compared for the detection of Bacillus cereus. Batiha GE, Alkazmi LM, Wasef LG, Beshbishy AM, Nadwa EH, Rashwan EK. If the bacteria contain catalase, the mixture bubbles as the hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen. Disclaimer. Given the wealth of agar media, microscopy stains, and biochemical tests, microbiologists have built flow charts to identity the bacteria surrounding us. Diagnostic properties of three conventional selective plating media for selection of Bacillus cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. weihenstephanensis. The crude extract of bacteriocin in addition to the other bacterial aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have a different inhibition capability on Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. In the former, the pH of the medium is adjusted to 6.0 to allow the growth, optimum growth conditions for Bacillus subtilis (3). Biochemical changes. Taken together, these findings show that MHA-C15 is a newly developed selective media for culture of Gram-negative bacteria. 4). Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, If a bacterium does not ferment mannitol (e.g., S. epidermidis), the pH doesnt lower and the medium remains red. Therefore, homology analysis has become the preferred This difference in cell wall thickness is basis for differential susceptibility of many bacterial species to different type of antibiotics and natural compounds. WebHOTLINE +94 77 2 114 119. used. The composition and application of a single, chemically defined medium or growth and sporulation of Bacillus subtilis is described. A similar example of media that is both differentiating and selecting is MacConkey Agar. Epub 2011 Nov 15. WebBacillus subtilisis a gram-positive, spore-forming soil bacterial species that has several features useful for the study of chromosomal replication: (1) the ability to grow in a minimal medium, (2) highly efficient DNA-mediated transformation, (3) a completely replicated chromosome with all loci occurring at equal frequency in the spore and in The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author (ashfaque@rakmhsu.ac.ae) on reasonable request. Suresh P, Ingle VK, Vijayalakshmi V. Antibacterial activity of eugenol in comparison with other antibiotics. As this newly developed MHA-C15 selective medium differentiates between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species, it will serve as a useful adjunct to the currently available bacterial culture media. [14] Clostridial Myonecrosis Warrington D., Cholowski K., Peters D.2003. Although several selective media are commercially available, there is a constant effort to develop newer media for more efficient isolation and identification of bacterial species [4]. Careers. It is anticipated that the finding of this research project will stimulate exploration of different plant materials for their suitability in developing selective and differential media for the growth of different types of bacteria present in nature for which there exists no appropriate culture media at present. Surfactin is one of the cyclic lipopeptides lactonized by a heptapeptide and a -hydroxy fatty acid. J Appl Microbiol. 4, from which we can see that this bacterium belong to the Gram-positive class by morphological observations and was identified as Gram-positive bacillus, which can form spores (Fig. but could not utilize lactose and maltose. Ophthalmic forceps were used and the fermentation broth containing the crude extract of bacteriocin antibacterial paper affixed to a uniform coating on the medium, placed at Hoboken: Prentice Hall; 2005. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. 1 Recommendation Popular answers (1) David Collins Medical University of South Carolina 21st Jan, 2015 You could also heat-shock your soil sample at 80C for 10 -, J Bacteriol. LB agar and nutrient agar showed nearly circular, flat, dried colonies. Polymyxin pyruvate egg-yolk mannitolbromothymol blue agar (PEMBA) is a diagnostic selective medium that has been formulated for the enumeration of Bacillus cereus in foods. Brazilian J Microbiol. PMC Eosin methylene blue selects for Gram-negative organisms. For example: Microbiologists can ask additional questions about microbial identity based on microbial behavior during biochemical tests. Subsequently, centrifugation, acid precipitation, and other methods were used to obtain the crude extract of fermented supernatant and bacteriocins. Differential media allow multiple bacterial species to grow but their growth patterns differ visually. antibiotics [5, 6]. J Appl Pharma Sci. is rod-shaped and Gram-positive. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Dr. Jennifer Tsang works in science communications and marketingand writes her own microbiology blog called"The Microbial Menagerie." These assays are typically done in 96 well plates where each well contains a different substrate. Keywords: Bacillus, Spreading, Swimming, Swarming, Sliding, Twitching, Surface-colonization Pharmacog Rev. Identifying Bacteria Through Look, Growth, Stain and Strain The site is secure. The extracts of clove exhibit antimicrobial effect on multidrug resistant microorganisms as well as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Serratia marcescens. However, if you want sample is intestinal contents, should the sample still be heat shocked to select spore forming bacteria? Please reference our product listings for medical devices. found that germinant receptors embedded in the spore membrane oligomerize into nutrient-gated ion channels and then ion release triggers exit from dormancy. Bacillus cereus; Detection; ISO 7932: 2004; Selective medium. The addition of egg yolk (2.5% v/v) to PALCAM Agar has been reported to aid repair of damaged cells (2). [15]. Isolation and Screening of Bacillus Subtilis. Once the microbes revealed themselves on the agar plates, it was time to identify them. By using this website, you agree to our Although different chemical compounds are being used to develop different types of selective media, surveys of existing literature showed that plant extracts have not been investigated extensively as a component in bacterial culture media. Some biochemical tests for microbial identification are quite simple. CAS Tryptic Soy Agar is used for the isolation and cultivation of, Nutrient Agar with 1% Peptone has almost double concentration of the nitrogen sources than that used in Nutrient Agar, making it more nutritive.

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