mussolini created a dictarship in italy when he was given the position as prime minister, Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. Resistance was muted (unnoticed) at first, but grew rapidly as Japanese forces attacked the Chinese capital of Nanjing. - Discuss this view, with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied from different regions. The kulaks are just one example. It is hollowing out democratic institutions and enhancing the tools of repression in developing countries. Furthermore, Mussolini brought discipline to the party and aligned it more uniformly with the aims of the state. We can see how Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and others began to attack journalists, control the flow of information, and stir up nationalism by persecuting ethnic minorities or invading desirable lands. 99-100 - What was the Ochoa Affair and how did it affect Cuba? This article details some of those experiments. It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. Since the end of the Cold War, the proportion of authoritarian states in the world has been on the decline. The humiliation of Germanys defeat and the peace settlement that followed in 1919 would play an important role in the rise of Nazism and the coming of a second world war just 20 years later. In the broadest sense, totalitarianism is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. Standards of behavior were changing. Why do you think so many people in Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union embraced fascist or authoritarian ideologies and actions, even those that were violent and repressive. The Fascist party wanted to crush the existing 'liberal' rulers, but Mussolini allowed many officials to continue working for the state. Hitler spoke to the SA, his army of storm troopers. Try as they will to distort reality and spin fables, the many nondemocratic leaders and regimes that have stumbled in tackling the pandemic now face citizens with powerful new grounds for grievance and distrust. Organized into collective action by the state, young people supplied political energy to Fascism in Italy and elsewhere. Some democratic leaders have displayed weakness and avoidance, tried to suppress contrary voices, failed to work effectively with local authorities, and refrained from implementing much-needed public health measures out of concern about their economic impact. There are still "meaningful democratic institutions" (Levitsky and Way 2010a, 20) within these erstwhile authoritarian regimes.8 What How the state emerged and how power was established - economic, social and political factors; use of propaganda, force,. The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors.. It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain, Adolf Hitler later wrote. Today, authoritarian regimes comprise only one-fifth of all states in the world (Marshall & Cole 2011, p. 10). Thousands of Germans waited in lines for work and food in the early 1920s. By the early twentieth century, events in one place could have widespread political, economic, and cultural consequences. 100. How did Mussolini strengthen the power of the Fascist party? 4.1 The emergence of the authoritarian state in Germany, 1919-1934 164 4.2 Hitler's consolidation of power, 1934-1935 183 4.3 The aims and results of Nazi policies 210 . -Tried to limit Hitler's powers as chancellor in 1932. We demand vengeance!. Battle for Land: Success (decreased unemployment because people had to drain swamps and plough land) Washington, DC 20024-2126 The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. Later in the 1930s, Fascism was strengthened both by Mussolini's attempts to build an overseas empire as well as the increasing likelihood of war in Europe. - How did Cuba survive this economic crisis according to Balfour? These crackdowns impede effective public health responses, given that civil society can be a crucial partner to governmentsespecially for authoritarians with weak state capacity, such as those in many countries in Africa, former Soviet states, and the Middle Eastin terms of collecting and distributing accurate and timely health-related information and delivering resources and care. Such movements were a common feature of interwar fascism. How was Stalin similar to and different from Hitler and Mussolini? Analyse themethods used to eliminate opposition by two single-party rulers, each chosen from a different region. Still, Fascism in Italy was not without racism. Both emerged as democratic post-colonial states. - How was land reform implemented from 1950s onwards? authoritarianism, in politics and government, the blind submission to authority and the repression of individual freedom of thought and action. Hitlers ideological goals included territorial expansion, consolidation of a racially pure state, and elimination of the European Jews and other perceived enemies of Germany. President Hindenburg signed a decree that suspended all basic civil rights and constitutional protections, providing the basis for arbitrary police actions. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Crises states are induced by: War, including the aftermath of war. Analyse themethods used to maintain power in two single-party states, each chosen from a different region. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social . Consolidation and maintenance of power. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. Photo of young Italian boys wearing Ballilla uniforms. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The fighting nourished the Fascists belief in violence as the true path to manhood. The president of Burundi assured his citizens that divine protection would suffice against the virus, while Venezuelas president trafficked in farfetched conspiracy theories and promoted on social media the use of herbal concoctions to treat the virus. But they are a minority in the authoritarian camp, and regimes with relatively successful pandemic responses are not guaranteed to reap political benefits from their actions. The post illustrates what we call organic online politics, or forms of digital mobilization that grow from specific rural conditions, material concerns, and repertoires of resistance.In advancing this concept, we argue that online politics are shaped not only by authoritarian repression and national political trajectories, but also by rural communities and their histories. Examine the role of education and propaganda in the maintenance of power in Maos China. According to . So while Jewish people had little to do with Ethiopia, they were affected by that policy. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. How consistent was this vision to Cuba in reality? The Fascists learned that paramilitary violence was an effective political tool. It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one authoritarian/single-party leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader? It's obvious to usnowthat the rise of authoritarianism, including fascism, was paving the way for leaders in many countries to command the obedience of whole populations, even when these leaders began to order the killing of civilians. Amy Elizabeth Robinson is a freelance writer, editor, and historian with a Ph.D. in the History of Britain and the British Empire from Stanford University. The use of force was the most important method used to maintain power in authoritarian states.. With a lack of guidance from the top, disorder among the governors ensued, as some officials adopted measures the Kremlin criticized as excessive and others took measures that were deemed insufficient. Winston Churchill said the war left a crippled, broken world., TEXT ON SCREEN: NARRATOR: Although not really fascist, these governments were heavily influenced by military and industrial leaders because both sectors wanted Japan to take over territories in Asia. 88-89 - What other external threats existed? Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. Emergence of authoritarian states. GOEBBELS [speaking German]: (Nov 10)), Analyse the circumstances that helpedoneright-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. On top of these governance factors, the economic devastation that most authoritarian countries are facing will further add to citizens anger and restlessness and reduce the financial tools besieged leaders often use to buy off key discontented sectors. Nationalism, independence movements The Fascists saw that the liberal state was weak and vulnerable to challenge. (May 2007, 2005), Analyse the methods used to maintain power by either Pern or Stalin. Washington, DC 20036-2103. To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. However, he was not a, A poor harvest in 1931-32 was made worse by Soviet economic policies. What did this demonstrate about. How successful was it? Authoritarian leaders revel in projecting an image of strength. So was the number of parties and splinter groups vying for votes. Leaders of trade unions and opposition parties were arrested. Before the onset of the Great Depression in Germany in 1929-1930, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (or Nazi Party for short) was a small party on the radical right of the German political spectrum. Although many Japanese civilians were not supportive of these military efforts, it became dangerous to question the government or the military. - MORE PEOPLE BIGGER ITALY On November 21, "squads" of Blackshirts launched an attack on the Socialists in Bologna. Early success in the Po Valley. But we can also see similarities in the ways that they emerged. . The Nazi Party recruited, organized, and produced a newspaper to spread its message. The new governments first targets were political opponents. It is the ending of the world. Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at wars outbreak were dead when it was over. Charismatic appeal rather than successful domestic policies enabled single-party leaders to maintain power. With reference to Mao, to what extent do you agree with this statement? Will the Invasion of Ukraine Change Russia-Africa Relations? - Outline Castro's health and education policies. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. In what ways did Mussolini pursue an aggressive foreign policy? 1. New ideas introduced in politics. These uniforms consist of dark pants, black button up shirts, black hats, and white sashes that criss-cross over the boys bodies. Lack of leadership. A second weakness of many authoritarian regimes in confronting the coronavirus is their suspicion or outright hostility toward independent voices and civil society. Thomas Carothers, co-director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peaces Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program, is a leading expert on comparative democratization and international support for democracy. Paris, 1900. Economic Crisis. -continued to have a relationship Authoritarian states present a broad and serious challenge to liberal democracies and to the liberal world order. Advances in the technology of killing included the use of poison gas. - DEPENDANT GERMANY Italy became increasingly more dependant on Nazi Germany --> Germany supported when League of Nations tried to oppose their aggression Crime was on the rise. His research focuses on modern Europe with an emphasis on Germany and Britain from 1789 to 1918. 96. In the Reichstag (parliament) elections of May 2, 1928, the Nazis received only 2.6 percent of the national vote, a proportionate decline from 1924, when the Nazis received 3 percent . Adolf Hitler. He served only a short jail sentence, and after the ban was lifted on his National Socialist Party, Hitler and his followers rejoined the battle in the streets and in the countryside. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, Nature, extent and treatment of opposition, The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power, Aims and impact of domestic economic, political, cultural and social policies, The impact of policies on women and minorities, Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved. First and foremost is a penchant for feeble rather than decisive leadership. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. Direct link to Faviel Rapalo's post this was cool. Josef Stalin ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. In the early 1930s, the frequency of elections was dizzying. The state decided who was an enemy quickly, arbitrarily (randomly), and irreversibly. Japan already had some colonies, including Korea, but many military and business leaders argued that Japan deserved to rule most of Asia. The French foreign ministry said Lu would be given a stern rebuke, Germany said Beijing must clarify its stance, and the Czech foreign minister, Jan Lipavsk, described the remarks as totally unacceptable. One senior EU diplomat said the EU needed to do better in handling relations with China and find a unified line. Exploiting widespread fears of a communist uprising, they blamed Communists for the fire, and declared emergency rule. What are two of the ways Fascism took shape in the Po Valley? (May 2005), To what extent were the social and economic policies of one of the following successful: Mao, Nasser, Stalin? How power was consolidated and maintained; legal methods versus use of force, treatment of opposition, impact of foreign policy. 'Domestic policy rarely managed to achieve its aims', Discuss how far you agree with this statement with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied, both from different regions. Stalin and his supporters identified their enemies in political and social ways. The Chinese embassy in Paris issued a formal statement saying Lus comments were not a policy declaration but the expression of personal viewpoints during a television interview. 99-100 - What was the 'Special Period' and why did it result from this? -Frequent changes of chancellor. We have won power in Germany. Rightwing propaganda and demonstrations played on fears of a Communist revolution spreading from the Soviet Union. Historical examples of such centralized totalitarian rule include the Mauryan dynasty of India (c. 321-c. 185 bce ), the Qin dynasty of China (221 . Separately, Chinas envoy to the EU, Fu Cong, said in an interview published on Monday that Beijings cooperation with Europe and other nations was endless, just as its ties with Russia were unlimited. But on the whole, these tendencies have been much less marked among democracies compared to autocracies. economic factors'. Account for theineffectiveness of internal opposition to two rulers of single-party states. Ultimately, however, the Fascists were unable to achieve the kind of totalitarian, authoritarian system they had envisioned. By 1938, the Nazis were physically expelling some Jews and debating massive resettlement plans. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states (15) Economic factors play a major role in any nation and as authoritarian states rise and fall throughout (modern). In January 1933, when the old war hero, President Paul von Hindenburg, invited Hitler to serve as Chancellor in a coalition government, the Nazis could hardly believe their luck. Discuss (a) the ideology of, and (b) . - What solutions were implemented? In this way, the imperialist thinking drove Italian policy in more radical directions. The projection of national power overseas resonated with many Italians. Paper 2 questions- Origins and development of Authoritarian and single-party states Emergence of Authoritarian States: - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors, social division, impact of war, weakness of political system. Beijing has insisted it respects the status of the independent nations that emerged from the USSR after totally unacceptable remarks by Chinas ambassador to France questioning the sovereignty of former Soviet states sparked outrage in EU capitals. A third debility of the pandemic responses of many authoritarian regimes has been the lack of coherence and flexibility in the hierarchy of governance. Infighting among elites also has emerged: when the mayor of Moscow took initiative in response to the virus and ordered people to stay home, users on Telegraman app that permits citizens to share information and anonymously criticize each otherlambasted him. The conservative politicians in the new Cabinet didnt like or trust Hitler, but they liked democracy even less, and they saw the leftist parties as a bigger threat. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. -Must give jobs to men In the 1930s, the Japanese government increasingly came under the control of authoritarian governments. Authoritarian states (20th century) Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the 'The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by. (Specimen), The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth of cities. In recent months, countries such as Algeria, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Russia, Thailand, and Uzbekistan have passed so-called fake news laws related to the pandemic that criminalize criticisms of their governments responses to the public health emergency or even reporting of pandemic conditions that does not match the governments preferred narratives.

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